OMAM vs. La Strada Comparison Paper Essay Example

OMAM vs. La Strada Comparison Paper Paper Of Mice and Men and La Strata By comparing Of Mice and Men and La Strata, they both come together to a similar point. Innocent figures are usually represented by nature while the opposite is described with a condescending connotation. Weapons are used to harm things and are able to assert dominance. When asserting dominance, one might say that the dominant being is a male showing masculinity while the one being dominated is classified as being a female showing feminism. When these two archetypes conjoin, it an be analyzed as innocence is inferior to weapons as weapons can disrupt a balance of nature, which can translate to how weapons and their users are more masculine to innocent figures which can lead to their ultimate doom. Steinbeck and Felling show a common interest in innocent figures and weapons due to the presence of both in their literary work. In Of Mice and Men, Leonie is portrayed as an innocent figure. He is described in a simplistic way and with nature and animal terms. As Leonie is being described in the beginning of the novel, his walking is described as the way a bear drags his saws (Steinbeck 2). Although the bear is known to be scary and dangerous, it can also be a lovable, stuffed teddy bear that a young child would want to play with. On that notation, Leonie is classified as a harmless, lovable man who is dumbstruck and has no intention on harming anybody. However, Liens friend, George, is described with the opposite of what Leonie was. He is classified as a man that was small and quick, dark of face (Steinbeck 2). We will write a custom essay sample on OMAM vs. La Strada Comparison Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on OMAM vs. La Strada Comparison Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on OMAM vs. La Strada Comparison Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Dark symbolizes evil or bad. So as Leonie is enjoying life, George will indeed know how to mess things up. Steinbeck makes the readers feel affection towards Leonie as he stumbles on throughout the novel. He is also recognized as being child-like. George describes Leonie as either a domesticated dog or a young male child when he says, Good boy! Thats fine Leonie! (Steinbeck 15). Being child-like creates a hidden definition of being dumbfounded and not knowing whats better or worse. Liens strength can get the best of him as he doesnt know that he has so much of it. When he murders Curlers wife, he only thought that he had hushed her but accidentally killed the woman. This pertains to the idea that Leonie is a child that doesnt know what hes doing and is portrayed as innocent but can possibly lead to his tragic fate. Riding along with Sampans, Slaloming is often identified as an innocent figure. She doesnt do anything bad or harmful to anyone. She is looked down upon all other people, thinking that she is a reckless child. Like in Of Mice and Men, a child is known to be a bit of a hassle and always getting into trouble. Although, what Slaloming gets in trouble for is the opposite of what normal people get in trouble for. Sampans knishes her for not obeying his orders to steal from the nunnery. This is known to be an innocent figure if one does the right thing but can easily backfire as it will be contrasted with black in the background or around her while she is wearing white. White symbolizes purity, softness, and innocence, thus creating another reason as to why Slaloming is an innocent figure. Her hair is lighter than everybody else in the film which also creates the contrast and the innocence. However, Sampans is always wearing black or dealt with black around him which makes him a threat to Slaloming. Moreover, Gloamings whiteness will soon be struck by Campaigns blackness. In Of Mice and Men and La Strata, Leonie and Slaloming are parallel characters that are classified as innocent figures. George speaks out to Leonie as if he was a small child and Sampans treats Slaloming like a child that is out of line. Leonie and Slaloming both act like they could be five years old and readers wouldnt know the difference. They both act like they dont know any better and think everything is all fine and dandy. Their partners are similarly the exact opposites of Leonie and Slaloming. Both of them can be recognized as two individuals that involve nature and light, which can be analyzed to become a symbol of innocence. Moreover, George and Sampans drastically contrast with the innocent figures as they are portrayed as evil and bad. George was described with a dark face and Sampans was always dressed in black or shot in front of a black background. George and Sampans are identified as threats towards Leonie and Slaloming as they are the opposites of them. Weapons are used to keep Leonie from doing anything bad. George uses the gun o show his masculinity and uses it to kill Leonie. George asserts his dominance when, the muzzle of it close to the back of Liens head. The hand shook violently, but his face set and his hand steadied. He pulled the trigger. (Steinbeck 106). Before this had happened, Leonie stole the gun and ran off so he wouldnt be harmed. This foreshadows as to how Leonie dies in the end and is ironic because he thought he wouldnt be harmed by the gun but he was killed by the gun without him even knowing it. Male dominance is used to impress other males as it was in the wild. George kills Leonie because he wants to get rid of useless things and to impress all the guys back at the farm. Sampans uses different kinds of weapons to punish Slaloming or keep her in line. When Sampans was teaching Slaloming a circus act, she would do something wrong and Sampans would whip her with a piece of straw that came out of the fields. Although Sampans had technically paid for Slaloming, he is still asserting his dominance with the act of aggression towards her. When Slaloming disobeys Sampans as he attempts to take from the nuns, she is again beaten as an act of rebellion.

Who Dies Next essays

Who Dies Next essays Every year thousands of youth die, not from cancer or car accidents but by their own hand. The American Academy of Pediatrics estimates that 500,000 youth try to kill themselves every year and over 5,000 succeed. Since 1970 teen suicide has increased 300 percent for ages 15 through 19 and 180 percent for ages 10 through 14. In one recent survey of high school students, 60 percent said they had thought about killing themselves. That is three out of every five students. 44 percent of the youth who attempt suicide overdose on some sort of drug. Where are these teenagers getting these drugs? 38 percent use fire arms. Where are they getting these guns? The 18 percent left chose Why has the youth suicide rate taken such a dramatic jump in recent years? There are several reasons of what might have caused this suicide increase, but almost every reason has to do with the lack of parental interest. Cindy Young, a local licensed professional counselor, states that over half of her youth clients that are suicidal have parents that spend no time with them. The average parent does not spent sufficient quality time with their children. Now it is more often for both mother and father to work full time, from that one factor parents deprive their children of the time they need. Another reason parents do not spend as much quality time with their children is because parents have their own interests. It may be watching television, reading, talking on the phone, working on the computer, new family members, such as a new child or spouse. Children seem to take the back burner a generous amount of the time. Another reason for the suicide increase is because many children do not meet up to their parents expectations, so in response parents put their children down, tell them they are worthless, punish them, call them names, and physically abusing them. Bec ...

Make Use of These Connecting Words and Phrase All Writers Apply

Make Use of These Connecting Words and Phrase All Writers Apply Here is a list of words and phrases that are used to connect the sentences, the ideas and thoughts in any type of essays. Although, to many students, a writing assignment may seem like a very cruel form of torture, writing, in reality, can serve as a very useful tool in developing one’s critical thinking skills, and can help build one’s expertise in using their language. Also, writing enhances one’s ability to communicate effectively, which is a critical and much-needed skill in the workplace. It is a skill that will, to put it bluntly, help people get what they want in life and in their career.  For example, the effective communicator accesses the job interview and lands a good job over the person who isn’t an effective communicator. The same applies to educational writing. When it comes to written communication (especially when writing the major essay types: argumentative essay, or persuasive essay, cause and effect essay, compare and contrast essay or  expository essay), the better the student conveys a point, makes a solid argument, and presents a well-detailed treatise on a certain subject, the more likely they will obtain a high grade on the writing assignment. This is usually accomplished through the use of connection words and phrases. Regardless of the kind of an essay, a student is assigned to write, a working knowledge of connection words and phrases (as well as how to correctly incorporate them into a written assignment) is always advantageous. These can help support a claim, make an argument, help to defend one’s reasoning and especially illustrate cause and effect; they help provide a thorough explanation and can certainly persuade the reader to believe or agree with an argument. Connection/connecting or linking verbs and phrases can illustrate objection or a rebuttal of something (with words like however, but, and on the contrary); they can provide an illustration (for example, for instance), can incorporate transitional phrases for enumeration (first, secondly, next, finally, lastly), and can demonstrate consequence (therefore, consequently, as a result). List of Connecting Words and Phrases Before looking through the list of connecting words and phrases, you may read another article on the similar topic: The Importance of the Transition Words and Phrases Some of these phrases and words begin a sentence, while others are used to connect two separate thoughts – either with the use of a semicolon or well-placed comma, and are therefore inserted in the middle of a sentence. The purpose Connecting words and phrases Example To indicate a contrast in comparison; however; on the contrary; rather; alternatively; however; though; nevertheless; notwithstanding; in spite of this; although; similarly; conversely Writing well is a product of hard work, education, and extensive reading; however, some people are natural-born storytellers. To provide an illustration for example; that is to say; in other words; namely; such as; including; chiefly; mainly; most importantly Prohibition was a terrible, dreadful failure, mainly because it did nothing but make a lot of criminals – namely bootleggers – filthy rich. To extend a point similarly; equally; likewise, furthermore; also; indeed; above all; as well; in addition It has been said that writer Ernest Hemingway had no other interests beyond violence, and sports; and, indeed, he published several books that confirm this observation To demonstrate cause and effect, or a conclusion between two notions therefore; thus; hence; as a result; consequently; this suggests that; in short; this implies; in all There have been recent discoveries that amoebas do not leave behind a carbon footprint; therefore it is virtually impossible to determine exactly how long they have been on Earth. Transitional, to indicate the next step first of all; next; secondly; to begin with; first and foremost; then; finally; ultimately; lastly First of all, Christopher Columbus should not be considered a hero to Americans. Secondly, Columbus was not even the first explorer to discover the Americans. To summarize overall; in sum; to sum it up; in conclusion In conclusion, this essay examined two entirely different – yet effective – methods of teaching math to fifth-graders. Connecting words and phrases are very important while writing an academic paper. If you feel you need assistance with the correct use of connecting words in your essay or you need any other help with your essay writing, contact our friendly support team.

Psychology of self esteem Termpaper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Psychology of self esteem Termpaper - Essay Example To some extent self esteem is synonymous to confidence but in literal words it means a feeling of pride in one's self, in other words what do you think about yourself; if you think good about yourself then you have a high self esteem while on the other hand if you think low about yourself then you are suffering from low self esteem issues. Self esteem is crucial and a cornerstone of a positive attitude towards living. It is very important because it affects how you think, act and even how you relate to other people. It allows you to live life to your potential. Low self esteem means poor confidence and it causes negative thoughts, which means that you are likely to give up easily rather than face challenges. In addition, it has a direct bearing on your happiness and wellbeing. "What is the most important thing for a person starting out on the road to success?" "I would tell them the most important thing is to work on your self esteem, that's the best advice I can give" (Wagner, †Å"Larry King Live†) Hence here we know how important it is in character and lives building but what role can our parent's play towards it? how can a family contribute in developing their child's self esteem? Healthy self esteem is a child's shield against the challenges of life, kids who feel good about themselves end up handling their problems and matters in a much mature way because they believe in their selves and their capabilities but self esteem can also be defined as feelings of capability defined with feelings of being loved. A child who might have achieved something great but if their parents does not love them then they would feel that whatever they have achieved is in vain or maybe it was not enough to make their parents feel happy. Thus it is important for the parents to inculcate in them the feeling of being loved and even if the child cannot perform well at any platform that would not change the love they have for them. A child will thus feel confident that they have someone to love them forever and the same feeling of confidence and being loved develops in them a high sense of self esteem. Parents are a child’s role model. Children try to copy them and eventually become like them so a parent should always keep tabs on the fact that their actions influence the personalities of their kids. For example if one is pessimistic or unrealistic about oneself and one’s abilities and continues to confess this in front of one’s child, the child might end up believing that may be all individuals are like that. If a parent concentrates on their own self esteem, this act alone can greatly nurture the self esteem of their child. Here Seligman (Stepp 2) offers a great deal of practical advice, he says that according to his research children listen to how adults criticize them and absorb the style of the criticism as well as the substance. Parents should try to identify their child's beliefs and most importantly what do the children thi nk about themselves. Parents need to help kids set more accurate standards and be more realistic in evaluating themselves, this will help them have a healthy self-concept. Bad perceptions about themselves with regards to any aspect of their lives, may make them feel worthless for example if a child is

Commercial versus Non-Commercial Services Assignment

Commercial versus Non-Commercial Services - Assignment Example The contracting officer acts as the main authority, business guide and primary executor for the government. The officer is also entitled to identify the need, the primary source choice, and dealing with the resultant contract and business game plan. In addition, he investigates companies in the market to distinguish general business practices. For example, business terms and conditions, contract type and the utilization of incentives are perfect examples of commercial services offered to the society (Federal Acquisition Regulation, n.d.). On the other hand, terms and conditions of non-commercial contract and services vary in a number of ways. They are under constant monitoring through a contract screening framework of past execution. This involves the formal Contractor Performance Assessment Reporting System (CPARS), and Construction Contractor Appraisal Support System (CCASS). These contracts contain a change clause that allows the contracting officer to make independent changes to specific areas within the broad-spectrum scope of the contract. There are slight distinctions in the particular change clauses, depending on the item being purchased such as supplies, services, or construction. The distinctions also affect the type of contract awarded such as fixed price or cost reimbursable, as described in FAR Subpart 43.2. Any alterations must be within the broad extent of the contract. In addition, the change order must be in writing, and only the contracting officer may issue a change order. Quantities may not be inde pendently altered by use of the changes clause â€Å"A decrease in quantity can be affected by a partial termination for convenience.† These items may, however, be returned at the contractor’s expense.† The termination of contracts exists basically in two options; T4C and termination for default (T4D) or cause. After deciding which method to use, the CCO should be prepared to negotiate an amicable settlement (Federal Acquisition Regulation, n.d.).  Ã‚  

General Information About Hydrilla And Photosynthesis Biology Essay

General Information About Hydrilla And Photosynthesis Biology Essay All green parts of a plant have chloroplasts in their cells and can carry out photosynthesis. In most plants, however, the leaves have the most chloroplasts (about half a million per square millimeter of leaf surface) and are the major sites of photosynthesis. Their green color is from chlorophyll, a light-absorbing pigment in the chloroplasts that plays a central role in converting solar energy to chemical energy. Pp 109 (Campbell, N.A. et. Al. 2009 Many aquatic weed scientists consider Hydrilla verticillata the most problematic aquatic plant in the United States. This plant, native to Africa, Australia, and parts of Asia, was introduced to Florida in 1960 via the aquarium trade. Hydrilla is now well established throughout water bodies in the southern states where control and management costs millions of dollars each year. From 1980 to 2005, Florida alone spent $174 million on hydrilla control. On the West Coast, California, Washington, and Idaho all have limited populations of hydrilla. Managers in all three states are serious about eradicating these infestations. Washingtons hydrilla infestation, discovered in 1995 in two interconnected lakes in King County, is the only known occurrence of hydrilla in Washington and eradication efforts are ongoing. Hydrilla is also increasingly being discovered in the northern tier states and in the Midwest.    Habitat Hydrilla forms dense mats of vegetation that interfere with recreation and destroy fish and wildlife habitat. Hydrilla has several advantages over other plants. It will grow with less light and is more efficient at taking up nutrients than native species. It also has extremely effective methods of propagation. Besides making seeds (seedlings are actually rarely seen in nature), it can sprout new plants from root fragments or stem fragments containing as few as two whorls of leaves. Recreational users can easily spread these small fragments from water body to water body.    However, hydrillas real secret to success is its ability to produce structures called turions and tubers. (Presence of these structures is also a characteristic that distinguishes this species from similar looking plants.) Turions are compact and produced along the leafy stems. They break free from the parent plant and drift or settle to the lake bottom to start new plants. They are generally about a quarter inch long, dark green, and appear spiny. Tubers are underground and form at the end of roots. They are small, potato-like or pea-like, and are usually white or yellowish. Hydrilla produces an abundance of tubers and turions in the fall and the tubers may remain dormant for several years in the sediment. The hydrilla variety found in Washington will also make tubers in the spring and will produce non-dormant turions throughout the growing season. Tubers and turions can withstand ice cover, drying, herbicides, and ingestion and regurgitation by waterfowl. One square meter of hydril la can produce 5,000 tubers!  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are two varieties of hydrilla in the United States. Many of the plants in the southern United States are all one sex (female) and are dioecious. Dioecious plants cannot produce seed. The plants in Washington are monoecious (having both male and female flowers on the same plant) and can produce seed. In New Zealand, where hydrilla is not native, the hydrilla plants are all male. Generally, the northern-most populations of hydrilla in the United States are monoecious. Although the hydrilla in Idaho is dioecious, all of Idahos dioecious hydrilla populations are associated with warmer geothermal-influenced waters. Monoecious hydrilla looks and grows somewhat differently than dioecious hydrilla. It tends to have a delicate appearance and sprawls along the lake bottom. The tubers from these monoecious plants are smaller than tubers produced by their southern female relatives. Management Hydrilla is a federally listed noxious weed, listed as a Class A weed on Washingtons Noxious Weed List, and is on the Washington State Department of Agricultures Quarantine list. Weed scientists suspect that some of the hydrilla infestations in California resulted from hydrilla tubers hitch hiking on mail order water lily rhizomes. Plant managers also speculate that Washingtons only hydrilla infestation in Pipe and Lucerne Lakes near Seattle also resulted from contaminated water lilies. Non-native water lilies were once common in these two lakes (before lake managers started herbicide treatments for hydrilla). Since the hydrilla discovery in 1995 in Pipe and Lucerne Lakes, there have been no other reports of hydrilla in Washington. State and local governments (King County and the cities of Covington and Maple Valley) are working together to eradicate the hydrilla infestation by using a combination of an aquatic herbicide called fluridone and diver and snorkeler hand removal. This is a multi-year ongoing effort because hydrilla tubers are long-lived and they do not all sprout at once. Prior to herbicide treatments (started in 1995) hydrilla densely covered the bottom of Pipe and Lucerne Lakes and had started to grow over the tops of Eurasian watermilfoil plants also in the lakes. As of 2009, surveyors have not detected any hydrilla plants in Lucerne Lake since 2004 and no hydrilla plants in Pipe Lake since 2006.    Identification Hydrilla closely resembles two other aquatic plants found in Washington: The non-native plant Brazilian elodea Egeria densa and the native plant American waterweed Elodea canadensis. You can distinguish hydrilla from these look-alike species by the presence of tubers (0.2 to 0.4 inch long, off-white to yellowish, pea-like structures buried in the sediment). Neither Brazilian elodea nor waterweed has tubers. Other characteristics to look for include:    Leaves in whorls around the stem (generally five leaves per whorl). Serrations or small spines along the leaf edges. The midrib of the leaf is often reddish when fresh. We are especially concerned about new introductions of hydrilla in the Pacific Northwest. If you think that you have seen hydrilla growing in Washington, please contact Kathy Hamel ([emailprotected]) or Jenifer Parsons ([emailprotected]) immediately.   The hydrilla line drawing is the copyright property of the University of   Florida Center for Aquatic Plants (Gainesville). Used with permission.   Follow This Link for Technical Information About Hydrilla Trouble in Paradise: Factors that Impact Coral Health Part C: Impact of Climate Change on Coral Reefs Scientists monitor coral health in a variety of ways. Sometimes they are able to take direct measurements, but at other times they must rely on remote measurements taken by satellites or on indicators such as ocean temperature or the presence of algal blooms algal blooms: the rapid excessive growth of algae, generally caused by high nutrient levels. Algal blooms can result in decreased oxygen in a body of water when the algae die, threatening the health of local marine life.. The rise of global temperatures due to increased levels of greenhouse gases-namely carbon dioxide- in the atmosphere is a major concern around the world. But did you know that as the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere increases, the amount of CO2 in the oceans rises as well? In fact, estimates indicate that the oceans have absorbed as much as 50% of all CO2 released into the atmosphere by human activity since 1750. What does this mean for ocean life and coral reefs in particular? Explore what happens to the ocean when CO2 content increases. Show me materials needed for this experiment Hide 300 mL bromothymol blue (a dye used as an acid-base indicator) aqueous solution 500 mL beaker drinking straw Pour the bromothymol blue solution into the beaker. Observe the color of the solution. Show me more information about bromothymol blue solution Hide When a bromothymol blue solution is neutral (like pure distilled water) it will appear green. If the solution is slightly basic, the solution will appear blue. If the solution is acidic, it will appear yellow. Bromothymol Blue pH indicator dye in an acidic, neutral, and alkaline solution (left to right). Take a drinking straw and place it into the solution. Exhale through the straw into the solution. BE CAREFUL NOT TO INHALE ANY OF THE SOLUTION! Keep blowing into the solution until you see a change in color. Checking In What happened to the bromothymol blue solution when you added carbon dioxide? Stop and Think 1: Based on what you observed in the experiment, what do you think the effect of increased carbon dioxide levels has on the ocean? What consequences might this have for coral reefs? Look at the image below showing the oceans involvement in Earths carbon cycle. http://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/corals/5c.html Hydrilla From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Hydrilla Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Monocots Order: Alismatales Family: Hydrocharitaceae Genus: Hydrilla Rich. Species: H. verticillata Binomial name Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle in Lotus Pond, Hyderabad, India. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hydrilla verticillata Hydrilla (Esthwaite Waterweed or Hydrilla) is an aquatic plant genus, usually treated as containing just one species, Hydrilla verticillata, though some botanists divide it into several species. Synonyms include H. asiatica, H. japonica, H. lithuanica, and H. ovalifolica. It is native to the cool and warm waters of the Old World in Asia, Europe, Africa and Australia, with a sparse, scattered distribution; in Europe, it is reported from Ireland, Great Britain, Germany, and the Baltic States, and in Australia from Northern Territory, Queensland, and New South Wales.[1][2][3] Foliage detail It has off-white to yellowish rhizomes growing in sediments at the water bottom at up to 2 m depth. The stems grow up to 1-2 m long. The leaves are arranged in whorls of two to eight around the stem, each leaf 5-20  mm long and 0.7-2  mm broad, with serrations or small spines along the leaf margins; the leaf midrib is often reddish when fresh. It is monoecious (sometimes dioecious), with male and female flowers produced separately on a single plant; the flowers are small, with three sepals and three petals, the petals 3-5  mm long, transparent with red streaks. It reproduces primarily vegetatively by fragmentation and by rhizomes and turions (overwintering buds), and flowers are rarely seen.[2][4][5][6] Hydrilla has a high resistance to salinity (>9-10ppt) compared to many other freshwater associated aquatic plants. The name Esthwaite Waterweed derives from its occurrence in Esthwaite Water in northwestern England, the only English site where it is native, but now presumed extinct, having not been seen since 1941.[7] Hydrilla closely resembles some other related aquatic plants, including Egeria and Elodea. [edit] Status as an invasive plant Hydrilla is naturalised and invasive in the United States following release in the 1960s from aquariums into waterways in Florida. It is now established in the southeast from Connecticut to Texas, and also in California.[8] By the 1990s control and management were costing millions of dollars each year. Hydrilla can be controlled by the application of aquatic herbicides and it is also eaten by grass carp, itself an invasive species in North America. Insects used as biological pest control for this plant include weevils of genus Bagous and the Asian hydrilla leaf-mining fly (Hydrellia pakistanae). Tubers pose a problem to control as they can lay dormant for a number of years. This has made it even more difficult to remove from waterways and estuaries. As an invasive species in Florida, Hydrilla has become the most serious aquatic weed problem for Florida and most of the U.S. Because it was such a threat as an invasive species, restrictions were placed, only allowing a single type of chemical, fluridone, to be used as an herbicide. This was done to prevent the evolution of multiple mutants. The result is fluridone resistant Hyrdilla. As hydrilla spread rapidly to lakes across the southern United States in the past, the expansion of resistant biotypes is likely to pose significant environmental challenges in the future. [9] This abundant source of biomas is a known hyperaccumulator of Mercury, Cadmium, Chromium and Lead, and asuch can be used in phytoremediation.[10] shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrilla  · This page was last modified on 12 February 2010 at 10:35.  · Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Bromothymol blue From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Bromothymol blue IUPAC name[hide] 4,4-(1,1-dioxido-3H-2,1-benzoxathiole-3,3-diyl)bis(2-bromo-6-isopropyl-3-methylphenol) Identifiers CAS number 76-59-5  Y PubChem 6450 SMILES   [show] CC1=C(C(=C(C=C1C2(C3=CC=CC=C3S(=O)(=O)O2)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4C)Br)O)C(C)C)C(C)C)O)Br Properties Molecular formula C27H28Br2O5S Molar mass 624.38 g molà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 Density 1.25 g/cm3 Melting point 202  Ã‚ °C, 475  K, 396  Ã‚ °F Acidity (pKa) 7.10 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, ÃŽÂ µr, etc. Thermodynamic data Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas Spectral data UV, IR, NMR, MS   Y  (what is this?)  Ã‚  (verify) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25  Ã‚ °C, 100  kPa) Infobox references Bromothymol blue (also known as bromothymol sulfone phthalein, Bromthymol Blue, and BTB) is a chemical indicator for weak acids and bases. The chemical is also used for observing photosynthetic activities or respiratory indicators (turns yellow as CO2 is added). Bromothymol blue acts as a weak acid in solution. It can thus be in protonated or deprotonated form, appearing yellow and blue respectively. It is bluish green in neutral solution. It is typically sold in solid form as the sodium salt of the acid indicator. It also finds occasional use in the laboratory as a biological slide stain. At this point it is already blue, and a drop or two is used on a water slide. The cover slip is placed on top of the water droplet and the specimen in it, with the blue coloring mixed in. It is sometimes used to define cell walls or nuclei under the microscope. Bromothymol blue is mostly used in measuring substances that would have relatively low acidic or basic levels (near a neutral pH). It is often used in managing the pH of pools and fish tanks, and for measuring the presence of carbonic acid in a liquid. A common demonstration of BTBs pH indicator properties involves exhaling through a tube into a neutral solution of BTB. As carbon dioxide is absorbed from the breath into the solution, forming carbonic acid, the solution changes color from green to yellow. Thus, BTB is commonly used in middle school science classes to demonstrate that the more that muscles are used, the greater the CO2 output. Bromothymol is also used in obstetrics for detecting premature rupture of membranes. Amniotic fluid typically has a pH > 7.2, bromothymol will therefore turn blue when brought in contact with fluid leaking from the amnion. As vaginal pH normally is acidic, the blue color indicates the presence of amniotic fluid. The test may be false-positive in the presence of other alkaline substances such as blood, semen, or in the presence of bacterial vaginosis. The pKa for bromothymol blue is 7.10. [edit] Indicator colors BTB indicator in pH acidic, neutral, and alkaline solutions (left to right). Bromothymol Blue (pH indicator) below pH 6.0 above pH 7.6 6.0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬  7.6

Flora and Fauna

| Flora and Fauna| | 10/3/2013| | Outline Australia’s unique flora and fauna: Australia has a large variety of unique flora and fauna spread all over the continent, from coast to coast, including in the ocean. More than 80 per cent of the country’s flowering plants, mammals, reptiles and frogs are unique to Australia, along with most of its freshwater fish and almost half of its birds. Australia is home to more than 140 species of unique marsupials, including kangaroos, wallabies, koalas, wombats and the Tasmanian devil, which is now found only in Tasmania. There are 55 different species of kangaroos and wallabies, native to Australia.Australia’s marine environment is home to 4000 fish species, 1700 coral species, 50 types of marine mammals and a wide range of seabirds. Most marine species found in southern Australian waters occur nowhere else. Australia has over 1000 species of Wattle and around 2800 species in the Myrtaceae family, (gum trees and eucalypts). De scribe the threats to Australia’s flora and fauna: Extinction Since European settlement of Australia began, a little over 200 years ago, 18 species of Australian mammals and about 100 species of native plants have become extinct.Currently about 40 species of mammals and many hundreds of species of plants are threatened with extinction. These figures are among the worst in the world. Extinction is a natural ongoing process. However at the moment the majority of extinctions are caused by humans. We can clearly tell that it is the humans that are doing the damage, because of the unusually fast rate of extinction. The current rate of extinction in Australia is 100 times the background rate (naturally occurring rate of extinction). There are many things that cause extinction, some of these are: * Habitat loss Natural causes (flood, fire, drought) * Introduced species Picture Caption: This image shows the crisis that Australian flora and fauna are presently in. In this image the mo re red the region is, the more species in region are thought to be endangered and threatened. As we can see the species under the most threat reside around the capital cities and the coastal regions. This is because habitat has been cleared around the capital cities and higher numbers of threatened species. Also over 50% of Australia is uninhabitable so many plants and animals live in coastal areas because they cannot survive in central Australia.That is also why we might see higher threatened species rates on the coasts of Australia. Habitats under threat: Habitat loss is currently the main cause of species extinction in Australia. The main causes of habitat loss in Australia are; agriculture, clearing for urban living, logging and mining. When an ecosystem has been dramatically changed by human activities, it may no longer be able to provide the food, water and shelter all animals need to survive. Every day there are fewer places left, wildlife can call home. Most native species c annot exist outside a natural ecosystem.Australia is one of the top ten land clearing nations in the world. While clearing rates are starting to decline, we are still clearing more vegetation then we are planting or are able to regrow naturally. This continuous trend threatens Australia’s environment and flora and fauna species. In addition clearing land increases the chances of erosion and sedimentation of waterways and reduces water quality, also dramatically affecting our flora and fauna. Introduced species: One of the greatest threats to Australia’s Flora and Fauna is introduced species. Australia has a large number of introduced mammals and birds.Introduced frog species, have caused extinction of many native species, due to a massive change in the food pyramid. A prime example of an animal that is greatly damaging Australia’s native species is the Cane toad, which was introduced originally to destroy the harmful cane beetle. It is damaging Australia’ s native species, because larger animals see cane toads as prey and therefore hunt them. When cane toads are ingested, a poisonous toxin is put into the predator causing rapid heartbeat, excessive salivation, swelling and eventually death. The animals that commonly suffer are native reptiles, snakes and crocodiles.Risk of natural hazards: It isn’t only humans that are causing the irreversible damage to Australia’s native species. A very small threat to our animals is natural causes. These causes include fire, erosion, floods, drought, landslide and cyclones. Many of these things are a very common occurrence in Australia. One of the main natural hazards that Australia faces often is fire. Tens of thousands of animals died in the Victorian bushfire. Not including the many thousands that had to be euthanized afterwards, due to severe burns and dehydration. Most are small, non-flying animals that could not escape the flames.Insect populations took the worst hit. Natural fa ctors usually occur at a slower rate and therefore cause a low extinction rate. Human activities occur at a faster rate and cause higher extinction rates. Human activities are mostly responsible for the present extinction rates. Current policy position: Different governments around Australia have various pieces of legislation that protect Australia’s flora and fauna. The state governments are responsible for the bulk protection and sustainability of flora and fauna, while the federal government has little power over matters relating to flora and fauna.Many rules/laws on these legislations are very similar and have a few small differences to fit each state/ territory’s needs. However all legislations aim to protect all native species from harm, minimise the loss of habitat and to prevent extinction. These types of flora and fauna legislations are in place in all states/ territories around Australia. An example of this type of legislation is the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act from 1988, which was the first Australian legislation to deal with issues relating to flora and fauna. The Flora and Fauna Guarantee act Victoria (1988) is designed to: * Protect species Protect genetic material and habitats, * Prevent extinction and * Allow maximum genetic diversity within the state of Victoria. Future action plan: There are many individuals, groups and governments that are having big impacts on the state of Australia’s flora and fauna. Some of which are positive and some are negative. The majority are positive; however there are more steps that individuals, groups and governments could take to ensure a brighter future for Australian native species. Individuals Wildlife Tourists Wildlife tourism is watching wild animals in their natural habitat.Australia has a large amount of wildlife tourism due to our unique flora and fauna species. These include; kangaroos, koalas, echidnas, dingos, platypuses, wallabies and wombats. Animal tourism in Austr alia is very beneficial not only for the tourists but also for the animals. When tourists come to Australia, they are educated about the animals, their habitat and how important it is to protect these animals. The tourist’s views and opinions are then changed and they walk away caring more for the animals and plants, as well as the importance of maintaining biodiversity.Secondly a proportion of the revenue raised from tourism goes towards more educational projects as well as conservation projects, which are very beneficial to all animals. Wildlife Tourism has many positives and the Australian wildlife tourism is moving in the right direction, but there are more highly important steps that need to be taken by the Australian tourism industry, to protect flora and fauna. When building accommodation for tourists, animal’s homes and habitats are often knocked down, causing disturbance to animals and leading to increased vulnerability.As explained earlier habitat loss is one of the major causes of extinction and should be minimised as much as possible. Instead accommodation should be constructed away from animal’s habitats, where it does not affect them too much. Secondly stricter rules should be in place to prevent the feeding of animals by tourists. Feeding of wildlife by tourists can have severe consequences for social behavior patterns. Artificial feeding can also result in a complete loss of normal feeding behaviors. When feeding of animals stops some animals are unable to locate their natural food sources. HuntersHunting is the practice of pursuing any living thing, usually wildlife or feral animals, by humans for food, recreation, or trade. Although hunting is not very common in Australia, it is still having a big impact on Australia’s flora and fauna. Hunting is seen by some as good for the environment as well as flora and fauna, because it keeps feral pests in check and gives native animals a chance. The majority of animals hunte d, are feral. These include non-native animals such as rabbits, hares, feral goats, pigs, buffalo, feral donkeys, horses and camels, which have been proven to endanger our native animals.Also the taxes from hunting activities go to the state or federal governments for such purposes such as enhancing wildlife habitat and managing and maintaining national parks. These things are beneficial, however it is quite clear, in the case of hunting the negatives outweigh the positives. The main reason is hunters are only allowed to pursue specific species. Some environmentalists argue that hunting creates an imbalance in the natural elements of the environment. For instance, if an animal that is typically a predator is hunted to lower numbers, their prey will increase in number.Nature has a delicate balance and hunting can have an impact on that natural balance. Opponents to hunting claim that animals have their own ways of population control and humans are not needed to aid that process. Grou ps WIRES WIRES are the largest wildlife rehabilitation charity in Australia. It is not for profit organisation that provides rescue and rehabilitation for all native Australian fauna. All animal rescuers and carers are volunteers. WIRES mostly respond to individual public reports of sick, injured or orphaned native wildlife. WIRES volunteers will rescue a sick animal, foster it and release it back into the wild.WIRES also educate kids about the importance of native animals and how to act and look after them to ensure they remain happy, healthy and in abundance. After rehabilitation of animals, WIRES releases animals back into the environment. However as we know, animals have a lower chance of survival after being released as they are not adapted to certain ways of living, predators and finding food. They may also be hunted. This is why WIRES needs to develop reserves where the animals can be released and monitored. With no roads and anti-poaching patrols, to ensure the best chance o f survival.Green Groups (Australian bush heritage fund) There are many different green groups across Australia, dedicated to protecting Australia’s diverse environment, especially its unique Flora and Fauna. One of these is the Bush Heritage Fund, which is a national, independent, non-profit organisation that’s aim is to preserve Australia's biodiversity by protecting the bush. It is Australia's most widely supported environmental national organisation. The Australian Bush Heritage Fund has a very simple yet effective scheme of protecting the biodiversity of flora and fauna.They do this through the creation of reserves on private land. The land the fund purchases are private and protected, meaning that no one can hunt/degrade habitat on the land. This means animals can live naturally, without harm. For example, the fund now owns Naree station. This reserve in Naree protects many native and impotant plants and animals. These include: Animals on protected on the Naree pr operty: * Brolga (vulnerable) * Freckled duck (vulnerable) * Little red flying fox * Pied honeyeater (vulnerable) * Spotted harrier (vulnerable) Brown treecreeper (vulnerable) * Kultarr (endangered) The reserve also protects iconic plants such as: * Coolabah tree * Bimblebox * Leopardwood * Beefwood * Supplejack * Belah The things the fund is doing are great and very beneficial for the flora and fauna of Australia. However, the fund could be doing many other things to protect our native flora and fauna. Firstly they should be conducting more research on the flora and fauna of Australia, to ensure they are purchasing the most important pieces of land, where the most vulnerable species are located.Secondly the fund should introduce education schemes for land owners, teaching them how to best manage their land to protect flora and fauna, as they have more land than the fund and therefore bigger impact on the flora and fauna. Zoos Zoos are defined as a facility in which animals are conf ined within enclosures, displayed to the public, and in which they are bred. However nowadays zoos are much more than that. Many zoos have now set up conservation society’s, such as the Taronga conservation society. There are a number of things zoo’s conservation societies do to help protect animals.This includes educating people about animals to help them make better decisions, breed animal populations that are endangered/ critically endangered, to increase their numbers and give the species a better chance of survival and help sick/ unwell animals to recover with vetinary care. These things are all important, however there is so much more zoos could be doing to ensure the preservation of animals. Firstly when they release animals into the wild, they may become sick or hunted again. Zoos should therefore establish protected reserves where no hunting/ poaching is allowed and all animals especially re-released ones are safe.Secondly zoos should establish anti poaching p atrols to make sure a minimal amount of animals are hunted in the first place. Lastly zoos should lobby for better legislation concerning poaching and habitat destruction, as they have a much bigger voice and authority than many other people/groups. Government National parks/ state parks National/State Parks are large areas of public land set aside for native plants, animals and the places in which they live. They also protect places important to Aboriginal people.Because the area in National parks is protected, no habitat is allowed to be cleared as the land is owned by the government. This ensures there is not a loss of habitat leading to vulnerability of certain species of animals and plants. National parks also educate visitors, both adults and children alike, about the importance of Australia’s native flora and fauna and what steps need to be taken to ensure they can survive. The education scheme also teaches about how individuals, even children can have an impact on the native species of Australia. These things are all fantastic and there was nothing to fault about national arks, until recently. Unfortunately within a few months, we will start seeing hunters being allowed to hunt in national parks. This should be stopped as it is a danger to tourists and native animals that live in the national parks. Also this type of activity will disrupt the natural food chain that has developed in national parks. This will also mean tourists will be more hesitant to visit national parks due to hunting, leading to less people being educated about Australia’s flora and fauna and smaller amounts of money being raised, to fund vital environmental schemes.